Prediction of Postradical Prostatectomy Urinary Incontinence Through the Combination of the Urethral Pressure Profile With Electromyography of the Urethral Sphincter
Article information
Abstract
Purpose
We tested the hypothesis that the urethral pressure profile, in combination with electromyography of the urethral sphincter, may be useful as a predictor of urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy (RP). The aim of this study was to assess whether the combination of these tests resulted in an improved tool for the prediction of post-RP urinary incontinence.
Methods
Patients with indications for RP were included. The urethral pressure profile, including prostatic and sphincter components for maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) and functional urethral length, was recorded in combination with needle electromyography of the urethral sphincter. The mean and maximum amplitude of waves were measured twice: 1 month before RP and 6 months after the procedure. The 1-hour pad test was conducted in parallel with other tests. Patients completed the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form (ICIQ-SF). The relationship of the results of the tests with post-RP urinary incontinence was studied. Age, urodynamic parameters, pathologic stage, and surgical technique were recorded for analysis as potential confounding factors.
Results
Nineteen patients were included within the 1-year study period. Their mean age was 63 years. According to the 1-hour pad test and ICIQ-SF, 42.1% of the sample had urinary incontinence after RP. Prostate MUCP with the mean and during-stress amplitude of waves predicted post-RP urinary incontinence with a sensitivity of 87.5% (P=0.002) in our model. Age, urodynamic parameters, pathological stage, and surgical technique were not related to incontinence after surgery.
Conclusions
The combination of the urethral pressure profile (prostatic MUCP) and electromyography of the urethral sphincter might be a useful prognostic predictor of post-RP urinary incontinence.
INTRODUCTION
The oncological outcomes of radical prostatectomy (RP) and radiotherapy for the treatment of localized prostate cancer have shown no differences [1]. The goal of RP by any approach is the eradication of cancer, while preserving continence and potency if possible. Post-RP urinary incontinence is an important quality of life concern [2,3].
The prediction of post-RP urinary incontinence might help consistently in the treatment selection for patients with localized prostate cancer who are eligible for both RP and radiotherapy. Although other factors such as detrusor overactivity or lowered bladder accommodation may contribute [4], the explanation for why urgency is reported either alone or combined by certain patients is that post-RP urinary incontinence is mainly a type of stress urinary incontinence that usually occurs due to sphincter dysfunction after surgery [5].
There are 4 main available techniques for the evaluation of urethral sphincter function after RP: electromyography, perfusion sphincterotomy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and urethral pressure profile studies. However, there is a lack of effective predictive tests and indicators. None of the diagnostic tools for the evaluation of urethral sphincter before and after RP have proven to show solid prognostic value. Studies of the urethral pressure profile alone established that the maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) and functional urethral length (FUL) decrease after RP. A high preoperative MUCP is associated with a high likelihood of continence recovery [6]. It has been suggested that post-RP FUL reduction may be an important predictor of continence recovery [6].
Electromyography of the urethral sphincter has not proved to predict which patients will recover from urinary incontinence after RP [7,8]. Perfusion sphincterometry is useful for the study of post-RP urinary incontinence, but it is performed after surgery. It has been shown that the majority of patients with established post-RP urinary incontinence have abnormal function in the urethral sphincter after surgery when measuring the urine leaking point during the Valsalva maneuver. Nonetheless, no relationship between that finding and the clinical severity of urinary incontinence has been reported, and the relationship between the results of perfusion sphincterometry and the measurement of MUCP in the urethral pressure profile studies is weak [9,10]. The sphincter length, which is probably directly related to faster and more reliable continence recovery after RP, can be quantified by measurements with MRI [11,12]. Ikarashi et al. [13] suggested a 12-mm cutoff value of the membranous urethral length, while Rico et al. [14] set it at 10 mm. Nevertheless, in most studies, measurements have been made both prior to the procedure and retrospectively [11-15].
Furthermore, the data on the urethral pressure profile [16-20] suggest that MUCP and FUL decrease after RP. A high presurgical MUCP is related to a high probability of continence recovery. The relation between presurgical FUL and its decrease after RP could be an important predictor of continence recovery. However, other factors such as neurophysiological failure and age-dependent sphincter atrophy could also have an impact on continence recovery, because different post-RP continence outcomes in patients with similar FUL have been reported.
We tested the hypothesis that the combination of the urethral pressure profile and electromyography of the sphincter may be useful as a predictor of urinary incontinence after RP. The primary endpoint of the study was to assess whether there is a relationship between alterations in the combination of these 2 tests and the presence of postprostatectomy incontinence.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experiments and Patients
This prospective study was carried out between July 2014 and January 2017. The inclusion criteria were all patients with clinical indications for RP who provided written informed consent to participate in the study. No exclusion criteria were set. A urodynamic study with urethral profile and simultaneous needle electromyography in the lithotomy position were performed 1 month before RP and 6 months after surgery. An MMS Solar Silver cystometry device was used. A triple-lumen urethral pressure profile 7F catheter was placed in the bladder and a 4.5F balloon catheter was placed in the rectum. Before cystometry, isolated uroflowmetry and measurement of postvoid urine volume were performed. The catheter was removed with an automatic retractor at a constant speed of 1 mm/sec when a minimal voiding volume of 200 mL was registered. The perfusion speed was set at 5 mL/min for the set of urethral pressure measurements according to the Brown and Wickham technique.
Urinary continence was defined as urinary leakage ≤1 g within the 1-hour pad test. Needle electromyography (with a Medelec Synergy 10-channel device; Oxford Instruments, Abington, UK) was performed using a subdermal needle with a single ground electrode and a needle connector (50 mm×26 G; Natus Neurology, Middleton, WI, USA). Recordings were made both at rest and when asking the patients to perform a maximum voluntary urethral sphincter contraction. The increase in muscle activity and the density of the interference pattern in the muscle were recorded.
In order to place the electrode for electromyography, a digital rectal examination was performed to determine the location of the apex of the prostate. Then, using a perineal approach, the electrode was directed into the apex of the prostate 2–3 cm deep through the bulbocavernosus muscle.
The electrode location setting for postsurgery investigations was determined by monitoring motor unit potentials and a visual inspection of acute signals on electromyography.
Data Recorded
Age, involuntary detrusor contractions assessed by urodynamic study, the surgical approach, tumoral stage, and urethral pressure profile were recorded. The urethral pressure profile included MUCP and FUL. Presurgical MUCP and FUL were subdivided into prostatic urethra (p-MUCP and p-FUL) and urethral sphincter (s-MUCP and s-FUL) measurements (Fig. 1). In the quantitative electromyographic study, the number of waves was measured and recorded at 3 points: resting amplitude, mean amplitude, and during-stress amplitude. The patients completed the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form (ICIQ-SF). Urine leakage was quantified using the 1-hour pad test and the number of pads used per day.
Parameters of the urethral pressure profile: prostatic (p) and sphincter (s) components for maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) and functional urethral length (FUL). Presurgical MUCP and FUL were subdivided into prostatic urethra (p-MUCP and p-FUL) and urethral sphincter (s-MUCP and s-FUL) values.
Statistical Analysis
A quantitative study of electromyography of the sphincter was performed. A quantitative analysis of the interference patterns was also carried out, with measurements of motor units and amplitude analysis.
IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 21.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA) and Excel 2016 (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA) were used to generate graphics and conduct the statistical analysis. Statistical significance was set as a P-value below 0.05 (α=5%). Comparisons for continuous variables between groups (continent vs. incontinent) were made with the Student t-test for independent samples if variables had a normal distribution. The Fisher and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used if a normal distribution was not present.
Two possible models were tested. One subdivided independent variables into sphincteric and prostatic components, and the other included all (nonsubdivided) independent variables. In cases where there was a single remaining variable affecting the results of the pad test, the possibility of using a quadratic or exponential model was studied using the R2coefficient of determination.
Multiple logistic regression was used to predict urinary incontinence through the Wald method for backward selection of variables using the standard entry and exit values of 0.05 and 0.10 respectively. When applying the logistic regression, the probability of incontinence after surgery was set as p and the linear predictor was set as η. The linear predictor is also known as logit p or the Napierian logarithm of p between 1-p, and is obtained by applying logistic regression. The covariables and variables initially considered were p-MUCP, s-MUCP, p-FUL, s-FUL, wave amplitude (resting, mean, and during stress), age, uninhibited detrusor contractions (UDC), surgical technique, and tumoral stage defined using the TNM system. The performance of the predictive models for urinary incontinence was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the ROC (AUROC). The confidence interval for the AUROC was 95%. The sensitivity of the test was calculated for a false positive rate of 10%.
RESULTS
Nineteen patients were included in the study. The patients were divided into 2 groups: continent patients and those presenting with urinary incontinence after RP. The electromyography values included MUCP and FUL. Presurgical MUCP and FUL were subdivided into prostatic urethra (p-MUCP and p-FUL) and urethral sphincter (s-MUCP and s-FUL) values. The amplitude of waves was divided into the values at rest, during stress, and the means value. P-values were calculated to compare continent versus incontinent groups. The mean and standard deviation values are shown in Table 1.
Electromyography values before and after surgery
The only presurgical variables that showed significant differences between the continent and incontinent patients were p-MUCP (P=0.066) and FUL (P=0.071). The postsurgical values that showed significant differences were the mean and during-stress wave amplitudes (P=0.056 and P=0.032, respectively).
A relationship was found between p-MUCP, presurgical FUL and p-FUL.
In all patients, prostatectomy was performed through an open approach following the Walsh technique. Age (Table 2), UDC (Table 3), and tumoral stage (Table 4) did not vary significantly in function to final incontinence. Therefore, age, UDC, tumoral stage, and surgical technique were not included in the final model because they showed no relationship with postprocedural urinary incontinence. Thus, none of these variables were confounding factors.
Descriptive statistics and comparison of age in relation to urinary incontinence after surgery
Descriptive statistics and comparison of uninhibited detrusor contractions before surgery in relation to urinary incontinence after surgery
Descriptive statistics and comparison of tumor stage in relation to urinary incontinence after surgery
In the urodynamic study and the evaluation of detrusor overactivity in cystometry, 31.5% of the patients showed UDC before surgery. Of those patients, 33% did not show UDC after RP. Of the 68.4% of patients who did not show UDC before surgery, 38.5% showed UDC after the procedure. Hence, 63.2% (12 patients) showed the same cystometry patterns in terms of the presence of UDC before and after RP, whereas a change was recorded in 46.8% of patients.
Pad Test Value Prediction From Presurgical Data
Dependent variable: Pad test.
Independent variables: Wave amplitude (resting, during stress, and mean), MUCP, and FUL.
In the first model with presurgical MUCP and FUL (without subdivisions), presurgical FUL was used as the unique variable remaining in the model. The linear model showed a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.289 (P=0.018). An exponential model with the variable “PAD +1” showed an R2 of 0.233 (P=0.021). In the second model, with p-MUCP, s-MUCP, p-FUL, and s-FUL, the unique variable with predictive power was s-FUL. The linear model showed an R2 of 0.340 (P=0.009). The exponential model for “Pad Test +1” had an R2 of 0.275 (P=0.021). The quadratic model showed an R2 of 0.426 (P=0.012).
Urinary Incontinence Prediction From Presurgical Data
The independent variable of urinary incontinence (yes/no) was built from the pad test results. The dependent variables were wave amplitude (resting, mean, and during stress), MUCP, and FUL.
If the first model was used, with presurgical MUCP and FUL (without subdivisions), the unique variable with predictive power was presurgical FUL, according to which 78.9% of the patients would be correctly classified: 81.8% (n=9) in the nonurinary incontinence group and 75% (n=6) of those with urinary incontinence (AUROC=0.761; 95% confidence interval , 0.518–1.000; P=0.058; sensitivity=12.5%).
Using the second model, with p-MUCP, s-MUCP, p-FUL, and s-FUL, the predictive variables were p-MUCP and mean and during-stress wave amplitude (Table 5). The linear predictor η was obtained from the variables of p-MUCP, mean wave amplitude, and during-stress wave amplitude when applying the equation:
Comparative results for the presence of urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy between the second prediction model and incontinence observed in the pad test
The probability of suffering from urinary incontinence after RP was obtained from a logistic regression model with the formula:
where eη represents the exponential of η.
Using this model, effective predictions were made in 16 out of 19 cases (i.e., if the model predicted no urinary incontinence, thral sphincter have limitations as predictive tools separately. We tested the hypothesis that the combination of the urethral pressure profile and electromyography of the urethral sphincter there was no urinary incontinence recorded, while if the model predicted urinary incontinence, there was observed urinary incontinence). Cases were there was no correspondence between predicted urinary incontinence and observed urinary incontinence are underlined in bold in Table 6. Only 84.2% of the patients were correctly classified: 90.9% (n=10) of those without urinary incontinence and 75% (n=6) of those with urinary incontinence. The cutoff value was set at 0.500. The sensitivity for the prediction of urinary incontinence with this model was 87.5% (Fig. 2).
Maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP), mean and during-stress wave amplitude, and the concordance between predicted (according to the second model) and observed urinary incontinence after prostatectomy for every case
ROC curves and AUROC. The false positive rate (x) versus sensitivity (y) for urinary incontinence prediction from presurgical data (AUROC=0.932; 95% confidence interval, 0.819–1.000; P=0.002). Sensitivity equaled 87.5% for a false positive rate of 10%. ROC, receiver operating characteristic; AUROC, area under the ROC curve.
For the urinary incontinence variable according to ICIQ-SF and the pad test, a Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of 0.313 (P=0.192) was obtained. The pad test was related to the number of pads used per day, with a Spearman correlation coefficient (rs) of 0.811 (P<0.001). According to this classification, 57.9% of the patients would be continent after RP and 42.1% would present urinary incontinence.
DISCUSSION
The urethral pressure profile and electromyography of the uremay be useful as a predictor of urinary incontinence after RP. The aim was to assess whether the combination of the tests resulted in an improved tool for the prediction of post-RP urinary incontinence. In that case, an improved and more reliable tool consisting of the 2 tests together with a statistical predictive model would lead to a novel and promising tool helping patients to have a clearer sense of their likelihood of suffering from permanent urinary incontinence after RP, which would substantially help them to choose between treatment modalities.
A limitation of this study is that only 19 patients were included. However, the analysis did demonstrate statistical significance. The predictive value of the combination of these 2 tests was assessed. Additionally, we did not only evaluate the total value of presurgical variables (MUCP and FUL), but we calculated fractional variables. We separated the specific values for the sphincter urethra and prostatic urethra (s-MUCP, p-MUCP, s-FUL, and p-FUL, respectively). Taking into account that MUCP is always the maximum pressure value within the urethra, the total MUCP equals the presurgical s-MUCP.
The total presurgical FUL equals the sum of s-FUL and p-FUL. However, since the prostatic component is removed in surgery, postsurgical p-FUL does not exist. Therefore, the postoperative parameters only included s-MUCP and s-FUL as a whole.
Another novel factor that we took into account is the inclusion of prostatic urethra resistance. This is relevant because it belongs to the anatomical unit of the prostate involved in continence before surgery and it is removed during surgery.
In our study, 46.8% of the patients showed a change in cystometry patterns in terms of the presence of UDC before and after RP. It is possible that patients within our study in whom UDC disappeared after RP had an underdiagnosed bladder outlet obstruction due to the prostate. The data on detrusor overactivity before and after RP suggest that there was an increase in the hazard ratio for UDC after the procedure in relation to body mass index, tobacco use, oncological stage, and whether the nerve sparing technique was performed [21,22]. We did not control for some of these risk factors, which might have had the potential to confound the outcomes. These variables should be controlled in further studies.
The result that there was a relationship between the ICIQ-SF and pad test led us to build a model with the 1-hour pad test as the reference evaluation for urinary incontinence. The absence of a relationship between the ICIQ-SF and pad test would potentially mean that a patient with mild objective urinary incontinence may show high severity in the subjective questionnaire. Instead, the finding of a relationship between the pad test and the number of pads used means that the number of pads may give be useful for evaluating the severity of urinary incontinence.
In conclusion, the combination of the urethral pressure profile (p-MUCP) and electromyography of the urethral sphincter might be a useful prognostic predictor of post-RP urinary incontinence. The joint use of these 2 tests might be a novel tool for predicting 1 of the 2 major complications of RP. A better ability to predict whether incontinence will remain after surgery may be useful for the selection of treatment in patients with localized prostate cancer.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge Enrique Francisco González Dávila (Department of Statistics and Operative Research, University of La Laguna) for his contribution to this study.
Patricia Márquez Aviar and Ana Pérez Martín, nurses of the Unit of Neurourology in the Department of Urology of the institution where the study was performed for their assistance with the experiments. The authors would also like to acknowledge Dr. Jesús Monllor Gisbert, Dr. Omar Halawa González, and Katrina Beans for their support.
Notes
Research Ethics
This study was approved by Ethics Committee of the University Hospital Nuestra Señora de Candelaria (registration number: PI-23-14).
Conflict of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION STATEMENT
·Conceptualization: JRT, BBM, MFRP, DCD
·Data curation: JRT, MS, DCD
·Formal analysis: JRT, BBM
·Methodology: JRT, MFRP, DCD
·Project administration: JRT, BBM, MS, MFRP
·Visualization: JRT, BBM, MS
·Writing-original draft: JRT, BBM
·Writing-review & editing: JRT, BBM, MFRP, DCD